All About Indian Lok Sabha Elections 2024

           Indian Lok Sabha Elections 2024         

(Data collected from the different online media and also from the website of the Election Commission of India)

                                         - Yagya Kumar Niraula

Note: 

The National Democratic Alliance (NDA) (Rashtriya Loktantrik Gathabandhan) is a right-wing conservative Indian political alliance led by the right-wing Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).

The Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance (INDIA), is a political alliance of big tent political parties in India led by the Indian National Congress (INC). It is a coalition of political parties in India to take on the ruling National Democratic Alliance led by Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2024 Indian general elections.

OTH: = Others

- Total Lok Sabha seats: 543
- Majority: 272

Party-wise Results 2024 (Losses and Gains Compared to 2019 Elections:

- Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
240 won ·  Lost 63 seats

- Indian National Congress (INC)
99 won ·  Gained 47 seats

- Samajwadi Party
37 won · Gained 32 seats

- All India Trinamool Congress
29 won · Gained 7 seats

- Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
22 won · Lost 2 seats

- Janata Dal (United)
12 won · Lost 4 seats

- Rashtriya Janata Dal
4 won ·  Gained 4 seats

- Yuvajana Sramika Rythu Congress Party
4 won · Lost 18 seats

- Aam Aadmi Party
3 won · Gained 2 seats

- Others
93 won · Lost 5 seats

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Party-wise Result Status 2024:

- Bharatiya Janata Party - BJP 240
- Indian National Congress - INC 99
- Samajwadi Party - SP 37
- All India Trinamool Congress - AITC 29     - Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam - DMK 22     - Telugu Desam - TDP 16
- Janata Dal (United) - JD(U) 12
- Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackrey) - SHSUBT 9
- Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar - NCPSP 8
Shiv Sena - SHS 7
- Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas) - LJPRV 5
- Yuvajana Sramika Rythu Congress Party - YSRCP 4
- Rashtriya Janata Dal - RJD 4
- Communist Party of India (Marxist) - CPI (M)4
- Indian Union Muslim League - IUML 3
- Aam Aadmi Party - AAP 3
- Jharkhand Mukti Morcha - JMM 3
- Janasena Party - JnP 2
- Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation) - CPI(ML)(L) 2
- Janata Dal (Secular) - JD(S)2
- Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi - VCK 2
- Communist Party of India - CPI 2
- Rashtriya Lok Dal - RLD 2
- Jammu & Kashmir National Conference - JKN 2
- United People’s Party, Liberal - UPPL 1
- Asom Gana Parishad - AGP 1
- Hindustani Awam Morcha (Secular) -        - HAMS 1
- Kerala Congress - KEC 1
- Revolutionary Socialist Party - RSP 1
- Nationalist Congress Party - NCP 1
- Voice of the People Party - VOTPP 1
- Zoram People’s Movement - ZPM 1
- Shiromani Akali Dal - SAD1
- Rashtriya Loktantrik Party - RLTP 1
- Bharat Adivasi Party - BHRTADVSIP 1
- Sikkim Krantikari Morcha - SKM 1
- Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam - MDMK 1
- Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram) - ASPKR 1
- Apna Dal (Soneylal) - ADAL 1
- AJSU Party - AJSUP 1
- All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen - AIMIM1
- Independent - IND 7
Total: 543
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Alliance-wise Result 2024:

- BJP-led NDA 293 seats
- INC-led INDIA bloc 232 seats
- Others: 18 seats
  Total: 543 seats
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India Election Results 2024 Vs 2019:

            2019                 2024
NDA     352              NDA    293
INC+       91             INDIA  232
OTH        99             OTH      18

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State-wise Election Result 2024:

STATE: Uttar Pradesh
SEATS: 80
NDA: 36
INDIA: 43
OTH: 1

STATE: Maharashtra
SEATS: 48
NDA: 17
INDIA: 30
OTH: 1

STATE: West Bengal
SEATS: 42
NDA: 12
INDIA: 30
OTH: 0

STATE: Bihar
SEATS: 40
NDA: 30
INDIA: 9
OTH: 1

STATE: Tamil Nadu
SEATS: 39
NDA: 0
INDIA: 39
OTH: 0

STATE: Madhya Pradesh
SEATS: 29
NDA: 29
INDIA: 0
OTH: 0

STATE: Karnataka
SEATS: 28
NDA: 19
INDIA: 9
OTH: 0

STATE: Gujarat
SEATS: 26
NDA: 25
INDIA: 1
OTH: 0

STATE: Andhra Pradesh
SEATS: 25
NDA: 21
INDIA: 0
OTH: 4

STATE: Rajasthan
SEATS: 25
NDA: 14
INDIA: 10
OTH: 1

STATE: Odisha
SEATS: 21
NDA: 20
INDIA: 1
OTH: 0

STATE: Kerala
SEATS: 20
NDA: 1
INDIA: 18
OTH: 1

STATE: Telangana
SEATS: 17
NDA: 8
INDIA: 8
OTH: 1

STATE: Jharkhand
SEATS: 14
NDA: 9
INDIA: 5
OTH: 0

STATE: Assam
SEATS: 14
NDA: 11
INDIA: 3
OTH: 0

STATE: Punjab
SEATS: 13
NDA: 0
INDIA: 10
OTH: 3

STATE: Chhattisgarh
SEATS: 11
NDA: 10
INDIA: 1
OTH: 0

STATE: Haryana
SEATS: 10
NDA: 5
INDIA: 5
OTH: 0

STATE: Delhi
SEATS: 7
NDA: 7
INDIA: 0
OTH: 0

STATE: Uttarakhand
SEATS: 5
NDA: 5
INDIA: 0
OTH: 0

STATE: Jammu & Kashmir
SEATS: 5
NDA: 2
INDIA: 2
OTH: 1

STATE: Himachal Pradesh
SEATS: 4
NDA: 4
INDIA: 0
OTH: 0

STATE: Goa
SEATS: 2
NDA: 1
INDIA: 1
OTH: 0

STATE: Manipur
SEATS: 2
NDA: 0
INDIA: 2
OTH: 0

STATE: Meghalaya
SEATS: 2
NDA: 0
INDIA: 1
OTH: 1

STATE: Tripura
SEATS: 2
NDA: 2
INDIA: 0
OTH: 0

STATE: Dadra & Daman- Diu
SEATS: 2
NDA: 1
INDIA: 0
OTH: 1

STATE: Sikkim
SEAT: 1
NDA: 1
INDIA: 0
OTH: 0

STATE: Andaman & Nicobar
SEAT: 1
NDA: 1
INDIA: 0
OTH: 0

STATE: Chandigarh
SEAT:1
NDA: 0
INDIA: 1
OTH: 0

STATE: Ladakh
SEAT: 1
NDA: 0
INDIA: 0
OTH: 1

STATE: Lakshadweep
SEAT: 1
NDA: 0
INDIA: 1
OTH: 0

STATE: Puducherry
SEAT: 1
NDA: 0
INDIA: 1
OTH: 0

STATE: Mizoram
SEAT: 1
NDA: 0
INDIA: 0
OTH: 1

STATE: Nagaland
SEAT: 1
NDA: 0
INDIA: 1
OTH: 0
                            ***

यात्रा वृत्तान्त

        यात्रा वृत्तान्त          

सन् २०२४ मे ९ का दिन भारतीय समयानुसार बेलुका ८:४५ बजे सीमाञ्चल एक्सप्रेसको 2A AC coach बाट दिल्लीको आनन्द विहार टर्मिनलसम्मको २४ घण्टे रेलको यात्रा गरिय‍ो । रेल निर्धारित समय मै छुट्यो ।

जोगबनीबाट फारबेसगञ्ज, अररिया कोर्ट, पूर्णियाँ, कटिहार, नौगछिया, खगडिया, बेगुसराय, बरौनी, पाटलीपुत्र, दानापुर, दिलदारनगर, पं. दीनदयाल उपाध्याय जं., मिर्जापुर, प्रयागराज, कानपुर सेन्ट्रल, टुण्डला, अलिगढ, गाजियाबाद र तिनीहरूका बीचमा पर्ने अन्य थुप्रै halt station हरू हुँदै दिल्लीको आनन्द विहार टर्मिनलसम्मको २४ घण्टे रेल यात्रा गरियो । निर्धारित समयभन्दा १५ मिनेट जति ढिलो गरी रेलले १० मे का दिन बेलुका ९:०० बजेतिर आनन्द विहार टर्मिनल पुर्‍यायो । रेलको यात्रा आनन्ददायी नै रह्यो ।

४१/४२ वर्षपछि दिल्लीको यात्रामा थिएँ । त्यो बेलादेखि आजका दिनसम्म दिल्लीमा पक्कै ठूलो परिवर्तन भएको हुनुपर्छ भन्ने सोचमा थिएँ । वास्तव मै धेरै ठूलो परिवर्तन भएको रहेछ । दिल्ली पुग्दा अनौठो अनुभूति भयो ।

दिल्ली आइपुगेको केही समय मै आमोद सिंहजीले हामीलाई हरियाणाको गुरूग्रामतर्फ लानुभयो र बेलुका ११:१५ बजेतिर (त्यस्तै १.५ घण्टापछि) गुरूग्राम पुगेर मेदान्त हस्पिटल नजिकै रहेको पिटरजीले सञ्चालन गर्नु भएको कान्तिपुर होटलमा बास बसियो ।

११ मे का दिन बिहानै उठेर मेदान्त हस्पिटल गइयो र त्यसै दिन गुरूग्रामबाट बिहानको लगभग १०:३० बजेतिर आमोद सिंहजीले हामीलाई पिटरजीको गाडीमा उत्तर प्रदेशमा पर्ने दिल्ली नजीकै रहेको नोएडा दिउँसो १२:०० बजेतिर पुर्‍याउनुभयो । नोएडा पुगेर सेक्टर नं. १५ मा पर्ने होटल कादिस (Hotel Quadis) मा ३ दिनको लागि कोठा भाडामा लिएर बसियो ।

नोएडा (Noida) भारतको दिल्लीसँग जोडिएको एउटा उपनगरीय क्षेत्र हो । यो भारतको उत्तर प्रदेश राज्यमा अवस्थित छ । यसको जनसंख्या करीब ५ लाख छ र यो २०३ वर्ग कि.मी. मा फैलिएको छ । यसको नाम अंग्रेज़ीको New Okhla Industrial Development Authority (नवीन ओखला औद्योगिक विकास प्राधिकरण) को संक्षिप्त रूप NOIDA बाट बनिएको हो । यो शहर विभिन्न सेक्टरहरूमा विभाजित  छ ।  यो भारतको राष्ट्रीय राजधानी क्षेत्र (National Capital Region/NCR) को एक भाग हो ।

यसपालि २०२४ मे ११ तारिखका दिन नोएडा आइयो । मैले आजभन्दा ४२ वर्ष पहिले सन् १९८२/०८३ ताका देखेको नोएडा र आजको नोएडामा धेरै फरक भएछ । त्यो बेला यो शहर एउटा सानो गाउँ जस्तै लाग्थ्यो तर आज आएर हेर्दा धेरै ठूलो परिवर्तन देखियो । अहिले त ठूलाठूला गगनचुम्बी भवनहरू बनिएछन् र मेट्रो रेल कुद्न थालेछ । विश्वविद्यालय र अन्य धेरै शैक्षिक संस्थाहरू खुलेछन् । विभिन्न भारतीय टेलिभिजन च्यानलका कार्यालयहरू पनि यहिँ रहेछन् । समग्रमा भन्नुपर्दा अहिले दिल्ली र नोएडामा कुनै फरक नै नछुट्टिने रहेछ ।

त्यसै गरी मे १३ तारिखका दिन भंगेल बजार र महर्षि आश्रम पनि पुगियो । महर्षि आश्रम त्यो आश्रम हो जहाँ मैले सन् १९८२ देखि लगभग डेढ वर्षसम्म भावातीत ध्यान, योगासन र रूद्राभिषेकको अभ्यास गरेको थिएँ । तर अहिले त्यस ठाउँको महर्षि आश्रममा Maharshi University of Information Technology, महर्षि विद्या मन्दिर जस्ता प‌ैसा तिरेर पढ्नु पर्ने संस्थाहरू खोलिएको रहेछ । त्यति बेलाको पुरानो स्वरूपमा जब हजारौं विद्यार्थीहरूले आश्रममा नि:शुल्क भोजन, आवास, लत्ताकपडा लगायत दैनिक आवश्यकताका सबै वस्तु र सेवाहरू पनि नि:शुल्क रूपमा प्राप्त गरी मासिक छात्रवृत्ति समेत प्राप्त गरेर वेदाध्ययन, रूद्राभिषेक, भवातीत ध्यान, त्रिकाल संन्ध्या, योगासन आदिको अभ्यास गर्थे, आज त्यो स्वरूप रहेनछ । त्यो देख्दा दु:ख पनि लाग्यो । तै पनि पुरानो ठाउँ जान पाउँदा मन हर्षित पनि भयो ।

नोएडाबाट भंगेलतिर जाँदा त्यो बेलामा बाटाको दुबैतिर कतैकतै स-साना झुप्राहरू हुने गर्थे भने कतै बबुलका रूखहरू देखिने गर्थे । त्यसै गरी अधिकांश ठाउँहरू खाली नै हुने गर्थे । तर अहिले त त्यो इलाकामा नोएडादेखि भंगेलसम्म नै दुबैतिर देख्दै कहाली लाग्दा गगनचुम्बी भवनहरू र अपार्टमेन्टहरू बनिएका रहेछन् । बाटो पनि विशाल बनिएको रहेछ । त्यो बेलादेखि आजसम्म धेरै ठूलो परिवर्तन भएको रहेछ ।

नोएडा सेक्टर नं. १५ र १६  का मेट्रो स्टेशनहरू नजिक-नजिक नै रहेका रहेछन् । एउटाबाट अर्कोको दुरी हिँडेरै जाँदा पनि त्यस्तै लगभग १५ मिनेट जति लाग्ने रहेछ । मे १४ तारिखका दिन नोएडाको सेक्टर नं. १५ को मेट्रो स्टेशनबाट मेट्रो रेलको टिकट गरेर दिल्लीको स्वामीनारायण अक्षरधाम मन्दिर गइयो । नोएडा सेक्टर नं. १५ को मेट्रो स्टेशनबाट अक्षरधाम मेट्रो स्टेशनको टिकट दर प्रतिव्यक्ति रू. ३०/- लाग्ने रहेछ । नोएडा सेक्टर नं. १५ को मेट्रो स्टेशनबाट अक्षरधाम मेट्रो स्टेशनसम्म मेट्रो रेलमा जाँदा निम्नलिखित स्टेशनहरूमा मेट्रो रेल रोकिने रहेछ:

- Noida Sector 15 (यहाँबाट शुरू)

- New Ashok Nagar

- Mayur Vihar Extention

- Mayur Vihar 1

- Akshar Dham (यो गन्तव्य)

नयाँ दिल्लीमा अवस्थित स्वामीनारायण अक्षरधाम मन्दिर  परिसर १०० एकड़ भूमिमा फैलिएको र विशाल हिन्दु मन्दिर परिसर भएकोले २६ डिसेम्बर २००७ मा यसलाई गिनीज बुक अफ व‌र्ल्ड रेकर्ड्समा सामेल गरिएको बताइन्छ । यो मन्दिर गुलाबी पत्थर र सेतो मार्बलको प्रयोग गरी बनाइएको र मन्दिरको निर्माणमा स्टील, फलाम र कंक्रीटकाे प्रयोग नगरिएको बताइन्छ ।

त्यसै गरी अक्षरधाम मन्दिरको दर्शन गरी पुन: मेट्रो रेलको टिकट गरेर अक्षरधाम मेट्रो स्टेशनबाट नोएडाको सेक्टर नं. १५ को मेट्रो स्टेशन आएर सेक्टर नं. १६ मा हामी बसेको  होटल कादिसमा रहेका आफ्ना सामानहरू लिएर त्यहाँबाट ट्याक्सीमा गुरूग्राम आई पुन: मेदान्त हस्पिटलको छेउमा पिटरजीको कान्तिपुर होटलमा बास बसियो ।

मे १४ तारिखका दिन नोएडाबाट पुन: हरियाणाको गुरूग्राम आएर कान्तिपुर होटलमा बास बसी १५ तारिख बिहान मेदान्त हस्पिटल गइयो । मेदान्त हस्पिटलमा जान र वहाँ पुगेपछि पनि कान्तिपुर होटलका प्रोपराइटर पिटरजीले ठूलो सहयोग गर्नुभयो । त्यसका लागि वहाँलाई धेरैधेरै धन्यवाद !

गुरुग्राम भारतीय राज्य हरियाणाको एक नगर हो र यो भारतको राष्ट्रीय राजधानी क्षेत्र दिल्ली (Delhi NCR) सँग जोडिएको छ । यो नगर दिल्लीभन्दा ३२ कि.मी. दक्षिण-पश्चिममा अवस्थित छ । मान्यता अनुसार महाभारत कालमा इन्द्रप्रस्थका राजा युधिष्ठिरले यो गाउँ आफ्ना गुरु द्रोणाचार्यलाई दिएका थिए । उनकै नामबाट यसलाई 'गुरुग्राम' अर्थात् 'गुरूको गाउँ' भन्न थालियो र कालान्तरमा 'गुरुग्राम' भन्दाभन्दै 'गुड़गांव' भन्न थालिय‍ो । महान गुरुभक्त एकलव्यको गुड़गांवसँग गहिरो सम्बन्ध छ । यस‌‌ै स्थानमा गुरु द्रोणाचार्यले एकलव्यसँग औंलो मागेका थिए ।

१९५० को दशकसम्म गुरुग्राम एउटा सानो गाउँ थियो र यसको अर्थव्यवस्था कृषिमा आधारित थियो । आसपासका क्षेत्रहरूको तुलनामा यहाँको माटो कम गुणस्तरको भएको कारण यहाँ जमिनको मूल्य निकै  कम थियो । यसको लाभ उठाउँद‌ कैयौं कम्पनीहरूले ८० र ९० को दशकमा यहाँ औद्योगिक क्षेत्र स्थापना गर्न शुरू गरे ।

प्रसिद्ध cardiovascular र cardiothoracic सर्जन Dr. Naresh Trehan द्वारा स्थापित मेदान्त हस्पिटल पनि यहीँ अवस्थित छ जसमा स्वास्थ्य सेवाको सुनिश्चितताको लागि निम्नानुसारको जनशक्ति, भौतिक पूर्वाधार र सेवासुविधाहरू रहेको बताइएको छ:

- 43-acre campus

- 30+ medical specialities

- 900+ doctors

- 40 operation theatres

- 1,391 operational beds

- 270+ ICU beds

- JCI and NABH accreditation

- NABL accreditation

मे १४ र १६ तारिखका दिन नयाँ र पुरानो दिल्ली अन्तरगत पर्ने निम्नलिखित स्थलहरूको भ्रमण गरियो। (अक्षरधाम मन्दिरको वर्णन माथि नै गरिसकिएकोले तल दिइएको छैन)।

भ्रमण गरिएका दिल्लीका विभिन्न स्थलहरू:

१. अक्षरधाम मन्दिर (Akshadhaam Temple)

२. कुतुब मीनार  (Qutub Minar)

३. लोटस टेम्पल (Lotus Temple)

४. लाल किल्ला (Red Fort)

५. गान्धी समाधि (Gandhi Samadhi)

६. इण्डिया गेट (India Gate)

७. राष्ट्रपति भवन (Rashtrapati Bhawan)

८. सरोजिनी मार्केट (Sarojini Market)

दिल्ली शहर यमुना नदीको किनारमा अवस्थित प्राचीन शहर हो । वर्तमान समयमा भारतको राजधानी नयाँ दिल्ली हो । नयाँ दिल्ली र पुरानो दिल्लीलाई स्पष्ट सीमाङ्कन गर्न त गाह्राे नै होला तर पनि पुरानो दिल्ली महाभारत कालीन पाण्डवहरूको समयदेखि मुगल शासनकालको पनि केन्द्र थियो भने नयाँ दिल्ली अंग्रेजहरूले कलकत्ताबाट राजधानी दिल्ली सारेपछि डिजाइन गरेका थिए । पुरानो दिल्लीलाई महाभारत कालमा इन्द्रप्रस्थ भनिन्थ्यो जो पाण्डवहरूको राजधानी थियो ।

नयाँ दिल्लीमा राष्ट्रपति भवन, संसद भवन र इण्डिया गेटहरू आदि पर्दछन् । अन्य देशहरूका दूतावासहरू नयाँ दिल्लीकै दक्षिणपट्टि छन् भने पुरानो दिल्लमा पुराना स्मारकहरू र मुगल वास्तुकलाका नमूनाहरू देख्न सकिन्छ । लाल किल्ला, जामा मस्जिद, आदि पुराना दिल्लीका केही पुराना स्मारकहरू हुन् ।

१. कुतुब मीनार

दिल्लीको महरौली स्थित कुतुब मीनारको निर्माण कुतुबुद्दीन ऐबकद्वारा सन् ११९३ शुरू गराइएको थियो ।

पछि इल्तुतमिशले तीन तला थपे भने त्यसपछि १३६८ मा फिरोजशाह तुगलकले अन्तिम पाँच तलाको निर्माण गराएका थिए । कुतुब मीनारलाई यूनेस्कोद्वारा विश्व धरोहर स्थलका रूपमा सामेल गरिएको छ । कुतुब मीनारका परिसरमा चन्द्रगुप्त द्वितीयद्वारा निर्मित एउटा लौह स्तम्भ स्थित छ जसमा आजसम्म खिया नलागेको बताइन्छ ।

२. लोटस टेम्पल

लोटस टेम्पल अर्थात् कमल मन्दिरको निर्माण १९८६ मा बहाई धर्मका मानिसहरूले गरेका थिए । लोटस मन्दिर दिल्लीमा नेहरू प्लेस नजीक अवस्थित छ । यो एउटा अनौठो मन्दिर हो । यसमा कुनै पनि देवीदेवताहरूको मूर्ति छैन र मन्दिरमा कुनै भगवानको पूजा अर्चना गरिँदैन । मन्दिरमा सबै धर्मलाई सामान मानिन्छ । मन्दिरमा सबै धर्मका धार्मिक ग्रन्थहरू पढिन्छ । 

३. लाल किल्ला

मुगल वास्तुशैलीमा रातो पत्थरले निर्मित यमुना नदीको किनारमा स्थित यो प्राचीन ऐतिहासिक किल्ला दिल्लीको एक प्रसिद्ध पर्यटन स्थल हो । यसको निर्माण तोमर राजा अनङ्गपाल द्वितीयको समयमा सन् १०६० मा गराइएको थियो । तत्पश्चात यो किल्लाको निर्माण मुगल बादशाह शाहजहाँद्वारा १६३८ मा गराइएको थियो जुन १६४८ मा लगभग १० वर्षको अवधिमा बनिएर पूरा भएको थियो ।   लाल किल्लालाई यूनेस्कोद्वारा विश्व धरोहर स्थलका रूपमा २००६ मा सामेल गरिएको थियो ।

४. राजघाट गान्धी समाधी

यमुना नदीको पश्चिमी किनारमा महात्मा गान्धीको समाधिस्थल रहेको छ । कालो मार्बलद्वारा निर्मित यस समाधिमा गान्धीद्वारा बोलिएको अन्तिम शब्द "हे राम" उद्धृत गरिएको छ । अहिले यो स्थानले एउटा सुन्दर बगैंचाको रूप लिइसकेको छ । यहाँ सुन्दर पानीको झरना र अनेक प्रकारका वृक्षहरू लगाइएको छ । यहाँ नजिकै रहेको शान्ति वनमा भारतको पहिलो प्रधानमन्त्री पण्डित जवाहरलाल नेहरूको समाधि रहेको छ । भारत आउने विदेशी उच्चाधिकारीहरू महात्मा गान्धीलाई श्रद्धाञ्जली प्रकट गर्नका लागि राजघाट अवश्य आउने गर्छन् ।

५. इण्डिया गेट

इण्डिया गेटलाई प्रथम विश्वयुद्ध र अफगान युद्धमा सहिद भएका ९०००० भारतीय सैनिक जवानहरूको स्मृतिमा  १९३१ मा बनाइएको थियोे । यसको रूपरेखा एडवर्ड लुटियान्सले तयार गरेका थिए । नयाँ दिल्लीको कर्तव्य पथमा अवस्थित ४३ मिटर अग्लो राष्ट्रीय स्मारक हो यो ।

६. राष्ट्रपति भवन

राष्ट्रपति भवन भारत सरकारका राष्ट्रपतिको सरकारी निवास हो । वर्तमानमा भारतका राष्ट्रपतिहरू ती कोठामा बस्दैनन् जहाँ अंग्रेजहरूको जमानामा भायसरायहरू बस्ने गर्थे । हिजोआज उनीहरू अतिथि-कक्षमा बस्छन् र आगन्तुकहरूँग भेट गर्दछन्  ।

७. सरोजिनी मार्केट

सरोजिनी नगर मार्केट दिल्लीको सबैभन्दा सस्तो बाजारहरूमा गनिन्छ । यो बजारमा सस्तो मूल्यमा जीन्स, फुटवियर, ब्याग, चश्मा लागायतका हरेक किसिमका अन्य वस्तुहरू पनि सस्तो मूल्यमा पाइन्छ ।

मे १४ तारिखका दिन अक्षरधाम, मे १५ का दिन मेदान्त हस्पिटल  र मे१६ का दिन दिल्लीका माथि उल्लेख गरिएका केही महत्वपूर्ण ठाउँहरू घुमेपछि १७ तारिखका दिन हरियाणाको गुरूग्रामबाट वृन्दाबन आएर बेलुका बाँके विहारीको दर्शन गरियो भने १८ तारिखका दिन वृन्दाबन कै रङ्गनाथ मन्दिर, केशीघाट, राधारमण मन्दिर, निधिबन, कृष्ण बलराम मन्दिर (जसलाई ISKCON Temple वा अंग्रेज मन्दिर पनि भनिन्छ) र प्रेम मन्दिरको दर्शन गरियो ।१८ तारिख कै दिन केशीघाट स्थित यमुना नदीको किनारमा अवस्थित प्रेम महाविद्यालय इण्टर कलेज गई त्यहाँका प्रिन्सिपल सर र हिन्दी विषयका अध्यापक सर दुबैजनासँग कलेजको कार्यालयमा भेटघाट गरी केही समय आपसी वार्तालाप पनि भयो । प्रिन्सिपल सरले चियाको अर्डर गर्नुभयो तर अत्यन्तै गर्मीको कारण चियाभन्दा पनि चिसो पानी खाने भनेर चिसो पानी खाइयो । मैले आफूले इण्टर मिडिएटको अध्ययन गरेको कलेज आज लामो समयपछि पुग्न पाउँदा म निक्कै भावुक पनि हुन पुगेँ । कलेज चलिरहेकै थियो । विद्यार्थीहरू अध्ययन कार्यमा व्यस्त थिए । अध्यापकहरू अध्यापन कार्यमा व्यस्त हुनुहुन्थ्यो । निर्माणमर्मतको काम पनि चलिरहेकै रहेछ । लगभग ४०/४५ मिनेटसम्म प्रिन्सिपल सरको कार्यकक्षमा बसेर प्रिन्सिपल सर लगायत अन्य सरहरूसँग कलेजको वर्तमान पठनपाठन लगायतका विविध पक्षहरू बारे कुराकानी भयो । तर दु:खको कुरो के भने मैले उक्त कलेजमा अध्ययन गर्दाको समयका प्राय: सबै अध्यापक सरहरू बितिसक्नु भएको रहेछ । त्यो सुनेर दुःख लाग्यो । अहिले प्रिन्सिपल सर लगायत सबै अध्यापकहरू प्रायः नयाँ हुनुहुँदो रहेछ । तै पनि मैले उक्त कलेजबाट ३५ वर्षअघि इण्टर मिडिएट उत्तीर्ण गरेयता आज पहिलो पटक आफूले अध्ययन गरेको उक्त कलेजमा पुग्दा आनन्दको अनुभूति भयो र आज त्यहाँका विद्यार्थीहरू देख्दा मैले उनीहरूको आत्मामा आफ्न‌ै आत्मा देखेँ ।

मे १९ तारिखका दिन वृन्दाबनको पागल बाबा मन्दिर र मथुराको श्री कृष्ण जन्मभूमिको दर्शन गरेपछि गोवर्धनक‍‍ो दानघाँटी मन्दिर, मानसी गंगा र गोवर्धन पर्वतको दर्शन गरियो ।

मे २० तारिखका दिन वृन्दाबनका गोरे दाउजीको आश्रममा पुगेर ठाकुरजीको दर्शन गरियो । गोरे दाउजीको आश्रम पहिलको जस्तो नभई धेरै परिवर्तन भएछ । सन्त र विद्यार्थीहरूको चाप पहिलेको जस्तो देखिएन । केही सीमित सन्तहरू मात्र हुनुहुँदो रहेछ । आश्रमका भवनहरूको संरचना पनि परिवर्तन भएछ । पहिलेको विद्यार्थीहरू बस्ने गुफातिर अहिले गौशाला बनिएको रहेछ । त्यहाँका एकजना सन्त, जो ४५ वर्षदेखि त्यहीँ हुनुहुँदो रहेछ, सँग भेटघाट र वार्तालाप गरियो । त्यतैबाट हुँदै गोधुलीपुरम् स्थित हरि गुरूजीको निवासमा पुगेर परिवारजनसँग भेटघाट गरियो र अपरान्हतिर भजनकुटी पुगेर चामुण्डा देवीको दर्शन गरियो । म गोविन्दशरण बाबा र गोपालशरण बाबालाई पनि भेट्न भजनकुटी गएको थिएँ; तर दु:खको कुरा भजनकुटीका गोविन्दशरण बाबाको ७ महिनाअघि नै परमधाम गमन भएछ । गोपालशरण बाबासँग चाहिँ भेट हुन सकेन । अटलाचुङ्गीदेखि भजनकुटीसम्म पुग्दा धेरै ठूलो परिवर्तन देखियो । पहिलेका खाली जग्गाहरूमा बाटाका दुबैतर्फ भवनहरू र ठूलाठूला आश्रमहरूले भरेका रहेछन्   । त्यस्तै त्यो बेलाको गोरेदाउजी पछाडिपट्टिको (अटलाचुङ्गीदेखि गोरेदाउतिर आउँदा दाहिनेपट्टि पर्ने क्षेत्र)जंगलले भरिएको क्षेत्र अहिले गोधुलीपुरम् भएछ र भवनहरूले भरिएछ ।

केही दिनको बाहिर बसाइपछि मे २१ तारिखका दिन अपरान्ह १२:४४ बजेतिर वृन्दाबनबाट प्रस्थान गरेर सोनौली नाका हुँदै नेपाल प्रवेश गरी बुटवल, नवलपरासी, नवलपुर हुँदै मे २२ का दिन राती १२:०० तिर सकुशल घर आइयो ।

                                    ***

भर्ना खुल्य‍ो ! भर्ना खुल्य‍ो ! भर्ना खुल्य‍ो !

             विद्ययाSमृतमश्नुते

"सबै बालबालिकाको विद्यालयमा सहभागिता                        गुणस्तरीय शिक्षा प्राप्तिको सुनिश्चितता"

नववर्ष २०८१ को हार्दिक शुभकामनासहित सम्पूर्ण विद्यार्थीहरू र अभिभावक महानुभावहरूलाई श्री सुनवर्षी माध्यमिक विद्यालय, रतुवामाई-५, मोरङमा शैक्षिक सत्र २०८१ का लागि नर्सरीदेखि कक्षा ९ सम्म भर्ना खुलेको सहर्ष जानकारी गराइन्छ । विद्यार्थीहरूले  समय मै भर्ना लिनुभई आफ्नो उज्ज्वल भविष्यको सुनिश्चितता गर्नुहोस् । साथै SEE को परीक्षाफल प्रकाशित हुनासाथ शिक्षा र व्यवस्थापनका विषयहरू पठनपाठन हुने गरी कक्षा ११ मा समेत नयाँ भर्ना खुल्ने जानकारी गराइन्छ । 

हाम्रा प्रतिवद्धताहरू:

- शिक्षण सिकाई क्रियाकलापमा प्रभावकारिता ल्याउने प्रयासलाई जारी राख्दै अझ बढी प्रभावकारिता ल्याउन प्रयासरत रहने ।

- शैक्षिक सत्र २०८१ देखि नर्सरीदेखि कक्षा २ सम्म पूर्ण रूपले अङ्ग्रेजी माध्यमबाट पठनपाठन गरिने र हरेक वर्ष एउटा कक्षाका दरले माथिल्ला कक्षाहरूमा अङ्ग्रेजी माध्यमका कक्षाहरू विस्तार गर्दै क्रमशः कक्षा १० र ११/१२ सम्म पनि विस्तार गर्दै जाने ।

- शैक्षिक सत्र २०८१ देखि नै विद्यार्थीहरूको उमेर, स्तर, रुचि र चाहनालाई ख्याल गरी कक्षा ३,४ र ५ मा थप अङ्ग्रेजी (Additional English) का कक्षाहरू समेत सञ्चालनमा ल्याइने ।

- नियमित पठनपाठन र किताबी ज्ञानका अतिरिक्त विद्यार्थीहरूको चौतर्फी विकासका लागि विद्यालयले खेलकुद, संगीत एवं विभिन्न अतिरिक्त क्रियाकलापहरूतर्फ विद्यार्थीहरूलाई दिँदै आएको ज्ञानलाई निरन्तरता दिने ।

- हाम्रा विद्यार्थीहरूले विभिन्न समयमा नगर, जिल्ला हुँदै प्रदेशसम्म खेलकुदको क्षेत्र प्राप्त गरेका उपलब्धिहरू र गीत-संगीतको क्षेत्रमा विभिन्न अवसरहरूमा प्राप्त गरेका उपलब्धिहरूलाई समेत जगेर्ना गर्दै आगामी दिनमा उक्त क्षेत्रहरूमा अझ प्रभावकारिता ल्याउन प्रयासरत रहने ।

श्री सुनवर्षी माध्यमिक विद्यालय, रतुवामाई-५, मोरङ              सम्पर्क नं.: ९८४२२५०९७२  ९८१९३३२०३२                    इमेल ठेगाना: sunbarshischool@gmail.com

'Little', 'A little' and 'Few', 'A few'

Some students are found confused while using 'little' and 'a little' and similarly while using 'few' and 'a few'. To help you be confident in their use, I have tried a little bit. Mastering these subtle differences can elevate your communication skills and ensure clarity in your messages.

How do you use these expressions in your daily conversations? Feel free to share your ideas.

A little

'A little' is used with positive quantity and non-countable nouns. It means 'a small amount' or 'some'. It carries a positive tone.

Examples:

a. There is a little milk in the refrigerator.
b. Would you like a little water?
c. Can't you discount it a little?
d. I need a little sugar. I will have tea.

Little

'Little' expresses a diminutive size or a negative quantity. Little means 'almost nothing' or 'not much'. It carries a negative tone.

Examples:

a. I'm sorry, I speak little English.
b. There was little time to finish my homework.
c. The kitten is little.
d. I have drunk little water this morning.

Also look at the following examples:

a. There is a little milk in the refrigerator, isn't there? (positive statement, negative tag)

b. There is little milk in the refrigerator, is it? (negative statement, positive tag)

A few

'A few' represents a positive quantity. It is used with plural nouns. It means 'some', 'a small amount'.

A few + Plural Countable Nouns

It carries a positive tone.

Examples:

a. He has a few good friends, so he is happy.
b. There are a few books on the shelf.
c. We stayed a few days in Pokhara and visited the Fewa Lake.
d. Itahara Bazar is a few kilometres away from Sunbarsi Ma.Vi.

Few

'Few' represents a negative quantity or shortage. It is used with plural countable nouns. It means 'not many', 'not enough'.

Few + Plural Countable Nouns

It carries a negative tone.

Examples:

a. I have got few friends in the city, so l am lonely.
b. They have got few cakes on the table.
c. He has few photos on Facebook.

                               ***

Enhancing English Writing and Speaking Skills with Common Collocations

Collocations in English refer to words that frequently appear together in natural language usage. They are word combinations that co-occur more often than would be expected by chance. For example, "strong coffee," "heavy rain," and "make a decision" are common collocations. They play a crucial role in determining the fluency and naturalness of language usage.

Mastering collocations is a key to fluent and natural-sounding English communication. Here are some tips to help you use common collocations effectively:

1. Learn by Context: Pay attention to how words are used together in sentences and try to replicate those combinations in your own writing and speaking.

2. Use Online Resources: Explore online dictionaries and language learning platforms that provide lists of common collocations for various topics and contexts.

3. Read Widely: Regular reading exposes you to a wide range of collocations used by native speakers. Take note of phrases that stand out to you and incorporate them into your own vocabulary.

4. Practice Regularly: Set aside time to practice using collocations in both writing and speaking exercises. The more you practice, the more natural they will become.

5. Seek Feedback: Share your writing and speaking with native speakers or language instructors who can provide feedback on your use of collocations and suggest improvements.

Remember, mastering collocations takes time and effort, but the payoff is greater fluency and confidence in your English communication skills.

Keep practicing and don't be afraid to experiment with new combinations. 

COMMON COLLOCATIONS:

Have

Have a bath

Have a drink

Have a good time

Have a haircut

Have a holiday

Have a problem

Have a relationship

Have a rest

Have lunch

Have sympathy

Break

Break a leg

Break a habit

Break a record

Break a promise

Break a window

Break someone's heart

Break the ice

Break the law

Break the news to someone

Break the rules

Make

Make a difference

Make a mess

Make a mistake

Make a noise

Make an effort

Make furniture

Make money

Make progress

Make room

Make trouble

Pay

Pay a fine

Pay attention

Pay by credit card

Pay cash

Pay interest

Pay someone a compliment

Pay someone a visit

Pay the bill

Pay the price

Pay your respects

Save

Save electricity

Save energy

Save money

Save one's strength

Save someone a seat

Save someone's life

Save something

Save space

Save time

Save yourself the trouble

Do

Do business

Do nothing

Do someone a favor

Do the cooking

Do the washing up

Do your best

Do your hair

Do your homework

Take

Take a break

Take a chance

Take a look

Take a rest

Take a seat

Take a taxi

Take an exam

Take notes

Take someone's place

Catch

Catch a ball

Catch a bus

Catch a chill

Catch a cold

Catch a thief

Catch fire

Catch sight of

Catch someone's attention

Catch someone 's eye

Catch the flu

Come

Come close

Come complete with

Come first

Come into view

Come last

Come prepared

Come right back

Come second

Come to a compromise

Come to a decision

Come to an agreement

Come to an end

Come to a standstill

Come to terms with

Come to a total of

Come under attack

Go

Go astray

Go bad

Go bald

Go bankrupt

Go blind

Go crazy

Go dark

Go deaf

Go mad

Go missing

Go online

Go out of business

Go overseas

Go quiet

Go sailing

Go to war

Get

Get a job

Get angry

Get a shock

Get married/divorced

Get drunk

Get frightened

Get lost

Get permission

Get pregnant

Get started

Get the impression

Get the message

Get the sack

Get upset

Get wet

Get worried

Keep

Keep a diary

Keep a promise

Keep a secret

Keep an appointment

Keep calm

Keep control

Keep in touch

Keep quite

Keep someone's place

Keep the change

                               ***

सरस्वती पूजा २०७९ र २०८० को कार्यविभाजन

        सरस्वती नमस्तुभ्यं वरदे कामरूपिणी ।

         विद्यारम्भं करिष्यामि सिद्धिर्भवतु मे सदा ।।

श्री सुनवर्षी मा.वि., रतुवामाई-५, मोरङ

सरस्वती पूजा २०७९ र २०८० को कार्यविभाजन:

सरस्वती पूजा २०८० को कार्यविभाजन:

पूजा मूल समिति (कक्षा ७ देखि १२ सम्मका विद्यार्थीहरूको तर्फबाट, शिक्षकहरूको निर्देशनानुसार कार्य सम्पादन गर्ने गरी):

१. अर्पणा भट्टराई - १२
२. युनिक भट्टराई - १२
३. सलिना श्रेष्ठ - ११
४. अंकित कटुवाल -११
५. रोशनी लुइँटेल - १०
६. शिशिर पराजुली -१०
७. आशिका आचार्य - ९
८. भेषराज कार्की - ९
९. दीया बुढाथोकी - ८
१०. सन्देश खत्री - ८
११. विन्दु आचार्य - ७
१२. नवराज राजवंशी - ७

उप-समितिहरू:

१. क) तोरणः

शिक्षकहरू: खुसीराम डाँगी, ऋषिराम न्यौपाने, घनेन्द्रबहादुर चौहान
विद्यार्थीहरू: गौरव तामाङ, सरस्वता तामाङ, किरण राजवंशी, कुसुम तामाङ, विजय सोरेन, रेजिना थापा, अञ्जली राजवंशी, मनिष लुइँटेल

१. ख) मन्दिर सजावटः

शिक्षकहरू : लक्ष्मीप्रसाद चौलागाईं, खुसीराम डाँगी, सीता अधिकारी कार्की, मन्दिरा बुढाथोकी
विद्यार्थीहरू: अंकित आचार्य, नमुना खड्का, सरिता सिटौला, आशिष थापा, निरज प्रसाईं, प्रनिशा कार्की, अमीत कार्की, विनिता राजवंशी, रविन अधिकारी

२. क) पकवान (बुनियाँ)

शिक्षकहरू: महेन्द्रप्रसाद रेग्मी, नीलकण्ठ दाहाल, सरिता अधिकारी, मीना घिमिरे तिम्सिना
विद्यार्थीहरू: युनिक भट्टराई, आयुष थापा, विनिता राजवंशी, सोहन आचार्य, कृष्ण राजवंशी, भेषराज कार्की, गीता राजवंशी, मोनु आचार्य, रोशनी लुईंटेल, रेजिना थापा

२. ख) पकवान (तरकारी)

शिक्षकहरू:  बन्दना थापा, कला खड्का, सीता अधिकारी कार्की, मन्दिरा बुढाथोकी
विद्यार्थीहरू: अर्पणा भट्टराई, दीपा राजवंशी, स्वस्तिका शाह, अञ्जली राजवंशी, दीपशीखा लुइँटेल, अनिश तामाङ, प्रवेश घिमिरे

३. नैवेद्य निर्माण (पञ्चामृत, फलफूल आदि)

शिक्षकहरू:  कला खड्का, सीता अधिकारी कार्की, वन्दना थापा
विद्यार्थीहरू: गंगा राया, रमा पोख्रेल, नम्रता खड्का, पूजा ऋषिदेव, भुवन उप्रेती, मनिश राजवंशी

४. प्रसाद प्याकिङ्ग:

शिक्षकहरू: महेन्द्र प्र. रेग्मी, सुरेन्द्र प्र. दाहाल, मीना घिमिरे तिम्सिना
विद्यार्थीहरू: अनिशा राजवंशी, करिना कार्की, सुजाता ढकाल, सरिता सिटौला, नमुना खड्का, मनोज राजवंशी, अनिश तामाङ

५. प्रसाद वितरणः

शिक्षकहरू: जगरनाथ शाह, पूर्ण चाम्लिङ, घनेन्द्र ब. चौहान, सरिता अधिकारी
विद्यार्थीहरू: महादेव शाह, दीया बुढाथोकी, अंकित राजवंशी, जानकी राजवंशी, बुद्धिमान बस्नेत, सचिन शाह

६.  सामग्री खरीद तथा संकलन :

शिक्षकहरू: नीलकण्ठ दाहाल, प्रदीप बस्नेत, खुशीराम डाँगी
विद्यार्थीहरू: रश्मि प्रसाईं, मिलन सुवेदी, केशव कार्की, रिया विशंखे, विनायक ऋषिदेव, सुनिता हस्दा, मारथा टुडू, अमित कार्की, मोनु, मनोज, कृष्ण, विनिता, सरिता

७. सरसफाई:

शिक्षकहरू: जगरनाथ शाह, पूर्ण ब. चाम्लिङ, ऋषिराम न्यौपाने
विद्यार्थीहरू: राजेश टुडू, निकेश सुवेदी, हरि किस्कु, नम्रता खड्का, शुष्मा राजवंशी, सिम्रन राजवंशी, मनिष राजवंशी लगायत मूल समितिको रोहवर र शिक्षकहरूको निर्देशनमा सम्पूर्ण विद्यार्थीहरू

८. भेटी सङ्कलन तथा व्यवस्थापनः
शिक्षक : प्रदीप बस्नेत

९. पूजा व्यवस्थापन :
शिक्षक : लक्ष्मीप्रसाद चौलागाई (मूल पुरोहित)
शिक्षक : मन्दिरा बुढाथोकी (कर्ता)
शिक्षक : वन्दना थापा (कर्ता)

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स्मरण रहोस् २०७९ सालको कार्यविभाजन निम्नानुसार रहेको थियो:

श्री सुनवर्षी मा.वि., रतुवामाई-५, मोरङ

सरस्वती पूजा २०७९ को कार्यविभाजन:

पूजा मूल समिति (कक्षा ६ देखि १२ सम्मका विद्यार्थीहरूको तर्फबाट, शिक्षकहरूको निर्देशनानुसार कार्य सम्पादन गर्ने गरी):

१. रुपक कार्की - १२
२. सुजाता सिटौला - १२
३. विशाल श्रेष्ठ - ११
४. सरस्वती तामाङ -११
५. अर्पणा भट्टराई -११
६. कृतिका श्रेष्ठ - १०
७. दीपक आचार्य -१०
८. केशव कार्की - ९
९. रोशनी लुईंटेल - ९
१०. निकेश सुवेदी - ८
११. विनिता राजवंशी - ८
१२. दिया बुढ़ाथोकी - ७
१३. सन्देश खत्री - ७
१४. नवराज राजवंशी - ६
१५. शुष्मा राजवंशी - ६

उप-समितिहरू:

क) तोरणः

शिक्षकहरू: लक्ष्मीप्रसाद चौलागाईं, जगरनाथ शाह, घनेन्द्रबहादुर चौहान
विद्यार्थीहरू: शिव किस्कु , गौरव तामाङ, मनोज राजवंशी, विवेक राजवंशी, सञ्जय बि.क., युनिक भट्टराई, रश्मी प्रसाईं, प्रनिशा कार्की, नमुना खड्का,
शोभा मगर, दीपक आचार्य

ख) मन्दिर सजावटः

शिक्षकहरू : सुरेन्द्रप्रसाद दाहाल, पूर्ण चाम्लिङ, ऋषिराम न्यौपाने, सरिता अधिकारी
विद्यार्थीहरू: रोहन शाह, मीरा कुमाल, संगीता भट्टराई, जानकी राजवंशी, सरिता सिटौला, कृतिका श्रेष्ठ, अर्पणा भट्टराई, सुजन ढकाल, शुष्मा राजवंशी, रिया बिसङ्खे, नमिता खड्का, रोशनी लुईंटेल, रश्मी प्रसाईं

ग) पकवान (बुनियाँ)

शिक्षकहरू: लक्ष्मी प्र. चौलागाई, नीलकण्ठ दाहाल, महेन्द्र प्र. रेग्मी, ऋषिराम न्यौपाने
विद्यार्थीहरू: विवेक राजवंशी, विशाल श्रेष्ठ, गौरव तामाङ, हरि कुमाल, सोहन आचार्य, शुष्मा माझी, सुजाता सिटौला, गंगा राया, आयुष थापा, निरज प्रसाईं

घ) पकवान (तरकारी)

शिक्षकहरू: महेन्द्र प्र. रेग्मी, बन्दना थापा, कला खड्का
विद्यार्थीहरू: अर्पणा भट्टराई, मनिषा कार्की, गीता राजवंशी, नमुना खड्का, शोभा मगर, युना भट्टराई, सौरभ सुवेदी, बुद्धिमान बस्नेत, स्वस्तिका शाह, सिर्जना ऋषिदेव

ड) प्रसाद प्याकिङ:

शिक्षकहरू: महेन्द्र प्र. रेग्मी, घनेन्द्र ब. चौहान, सरिता अधिकारी
विद्यार्थीहरू: मीरा कुमाल, गंगा कार्की, मञ्जु भण्डारी, स्वस्तिका शाह, रोशनी लुईंटेल, रेजिना थापा, दीया बुढाथोकी, युना लुईंटेल, विनिता राजवंशी

च) प्रसाद वितरणः

शिक्षकहरू: महेन्द्र प्र. रेग्मी, मीना घिमिरे, बन्दना थापा, राम घिमिरे
विद्यार्थीहरू: रेजिना थापा, मोनु आचार्य, मोहित ऋषिदेव, निकेश सुवेदी, सरस्वती तामाङ, करुणा पौडेल, अञ्जली राजवंशी, अर्जुन कुमाल

छ) भेटी सङ्कलन तथा व्यवस्थापनः
शिक्षक : प्रदीप बस्नेत

ज) सामग्री खरीदः

शिक्षकहरू: लक्ष्मीप्रसाद चौलागाई, प्रदीप बस्नेत, खुशीराम डाँगी
विद्यार्थीहरू: भेषराज कार्की, विवेक राजवंशी, शिव किस्कु, विष्णु ऋषिदेव, मनोज राजवंशी, युनिक भट्टराई, गौरव तामाङ, रुपक कार्की, योगेश प्रसाईं, मोनु आचार्य

झ) सरसफाई:

मूल समितिको रोहवर र शिक्षकहरूको निर्देशनमा सम्पूर्ण विद्यार्थीहरू

ज) पूजा व्यवस्थापन समितिः
सम्पूर्ण शिक्षकहरू

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FOUR MARTYRS

 Shukraraj Shastri

Shukra Raj Shastri (born Shukra Raj Joshi) (1894–24 January 1941) was a Nepalese intellectual and fighter for democracy who was executed by the autocratic Rana dynasty. He is one of the four martyrs of the Nepalese revolution that toppled the Rana regime. The other three are Dashrath Chand, Dharma Bhakta Mathema and Ganga Lal Shrestha.

Shastri was also a social reformer and author who wrote a number of books in Nepali and Nepal Bhasa.

Early Life

Shastri was born in Varanasi, India where his father Madhav Raj and mother Ratna Maya Joshi were living in forced exile due to political reasons. Madhav Raj was a leader of the Arya Samaj in Nepal. The Joshis were originally from Lalitpur.

Shukra Raj was schooled in India, and he acquired the title Shastri after earning a Shastri degree from Dehradun. He became better known by this name than his actual surname Joshi.

Democracy Fighter

Returning to Nepal, Shastri joined the democracy struggle. During a demonstration organized at Indra Chok, Kathmandu by the Citizens' Rights Committee, he spoke out strongly against the Rana regime and demanded the people's rights. For this act, he was arrested and sentenced to six years' imprisonment. He was subsequently sentenced to death, and on 24 January 1941, he was hanged from a tree on the side of the road at Pachali, Teku, Kathmandu.

The Ranas were eventually overthrown in February 1951, and democracy was established in Nepal. The Rana oligarchy ruled Nepal from 1846 until 1951. During this time, the Shah king was reduced to a figurehead and the prime minister and other government positions were hereditary. Jang Bahadur Rana established the Rana dynasty in 1846 by masterminding the Kot massacre in which about 40 members of the nobility including the prime minister and a relative of the king were murdered. Tyranny, debauchery, economic exploitation and religious persecution characterized Rana rule. This 104-years of Rana regime has been called as one of the darkest periods of Nepalese history.

Writer

Shastri was one of the leaders of the Nepal Bhasa renaissance.He wrote a grammar of the language entitled Nepal Bhasa Vyakaran which was published from Kolkata in 1928. He was the first to produce children's literature. His other works include Nepal Bhasa Reader, Books 1 and 2 (1933) and Nepali Varnamala (1933).

It is believed that Shastri was executed more for his work in social reform and efforts to develop his mother tongue Nepal Bhasa than his involvement in politics. Shastri did not belong to any political party unlike the other three martyrs who were members of Nepal Praja Parishad.

Legacy

Shastri and the other martyrs are honoured on Martyrs Day which is observed annually on Magh 16 (29 or 30 January) across the country. Shukra Path, a street in downtown Kathmandu, is named after him. Shastri's statues have been erected at a number of places, and the Postal Service Department has issued commemorative postage stamps depicting his image. A monument known as Shahid Gate containing the busts of the four martyrs and King Tribhuvan was built in central Kathmandu in 1961.

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Dharma Bhakta Mathema

Dharma Bhakta Mathema (1909—1941) was a professional body builder as well as a founding member of Praja Parishad. He introduced modern body building techniques in Nepal, but had gained popularity for his contribution to the Nepalese struggle for freedom against the autocracy of the Rana dynasty. He was killed during the freedom movement, and he is duly recognized as one of the four martyrs of Nepal of the Rana era.

Early Life

Dharma Bhakta Mathema was born of a Newar family in Kathmandu in 24 September 1909 (9 Ashoj 1966 BS). His father Adi Bhakta Mathema held a government office as a Subba during the Rana rule. He often went to India to purchase things for the Ranas. He met learned men in India and understood the importance of education. He received his basic education in Sanatan Madhyamik Vidhyalaya in Darjeeling, after which he went to the Scottish Church College in Calcutta to get an Intermediate in Arts (I.A.) degree.

Bodybuilding

Dharma Bhakta's physical appearance was described as thin, unhealthy and weak during his childhood, which caused other children to tease and bully him. This harassment motivated his body-building journey, as he joined a gym while in Calcutta. Constant physical exercise rapidly improved his health. He so excelled in bodybuilding that he was announced as "Shree Bengal" (which literally means "Mr. Bengal") in an all Bengal bodybuilding contest.

After graduating with an I.A. degree from Scottish Church College, he married Uttara Devi from Biratnagar. He returned to Kathmandu and established a gym at his aunt Yamkumari Ray's house. Many youths of Kathmandu were attracted by the novelty of the gym. The gym attracted not only the commoners but also the Rana family and the police forces too. Once a troop of German soldiers had come to Nepal for a visit. He showed his body building tricks and exercises to them in the presence of Juddha Shumsher.

Once during the Ghode Jatra festival, he showed his bodybuilding prowess to the people in the presence of King Tribhuvan and the Rana family in Tundikhel. He made different bodybuilding poses and performed many test of strength. An instance of such, was when he put a long rod on his back and told three to four persons on each side of the rod to hang. He was then jumping and lifting with those people. In another instance, he lied down on the ground and told a person to hammer his chest with a hammer. People were amazed that he was unharmed. People could not believe that a man could be so strong. King Tribhuvan was also greatly impressed by his feat, so much that he was appointed as his physical instructor.

Political Activity

Besides bodybuilding, he was actively interested in politics. At that time the struggle for the independence from the British Raj was gaining momentum in India. While in India Dharma Bhakta had met Chittaranjan Das and had joined in the struggle for Indian independence. He wanted to establish a political party and settle in India itself. But for some reason he dropped that plan and returned to Kathmandu with an ardent desire for freedom from the Rana regime. Tyranny, debauchery, economic exploitation and religious persecution characterized Rana rule.

In those days, Juddha Shamsher was the prime minister of Nepal, who ruled with an iron fist. All political parties were banned. Dharma Bhakta met Dashrath Chand in Kathmandu in 1990 BS and in 1936 AD, a political party Praja Parishad was founded in the house of Dharma Bhakta. The founders were Tanka Prasad Acharya, Jiwan Raj Sharma, Ramhari Sharma, Dharma Bhakta and Dashrath Chand. His connection with King Tribhuwan as a physical instructor allowed him to act as a go-between the king and the Praja Parishad. He conveyed every activity of the Praja parishad to the King. However discovery of his political activities prompted Juddha Shamsher to exile his father Adi Bhakta Mathema.

Death

One day, a secret meeting of Praja Parishad was held in Lainchaur which was also attended by King Tribhuwan. The information of this meeting reached Juddha Shamsher, which led to the arrest of many of the members of Praja Parishad including, Dharma Bhakta. Since three of the founding members of Praja Parishad were of Brahmin caste, and hence were exempt from death penalty, they were duly humiliated and exiled. As for Dashrath Chand and Dharma Bhakta, their caste could not provide a shield against the ruthlessness of a tyrant. Both of them were given death penalty. On 24 January 1941 (12 Magh 1997 BS), Dharma Bhakta was hanged to death at Sifal, Kathmandu, at midnight.

Legacy

His statue is erected, along with other three martyrs, in the Martyr's Gate (Shahid Gate) memorial in Kathmandu. Shahid Dharma Bhakta School (SDB), a school was established on his name in Nakkhu, Lalitpur, Nepal by his daughter Renu Devi.

One of the major country-level bodybuilding competition in Nepal is named after Mathema as Dharmashree Nationwide Bodybuilding Championship.

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Dashrath Chand

Dasharath Chand (1903 - 28 January 1941) was a martyr of the Nepalese Democratic Movement and a politician of Nepal who was active in starting a political revolution in Nepal during Rana rule. He was born at Baskot of Baitadi district of Nepal in 1903 AD as a son of Sher Bahadur Chand.

Education

He received his education at different places of Kumaon like Almora, Nainital, etc. Finally, he went to Banaras, where he completed an Intermediate education. In Banaras he worked for Kashi Nagari Pracharini Sabha

Political Career

The Indian people were trying to free India from British rule. He was impressed by the freedom movement in India and involved in that movement. At the same time, he remembered the miserable condition of the general public of Nepal. The public was suffering from poverty, illiteracy, and ignorance. They were being exploited by the ruling class who had no law to obey and who lived in luxury. Tyranny, debauchery, economic exploitation, and religious persecution characterized Rana's rule. This 104-year of Rana regime has been called one of the darkest periods of Nepalese history. Dasharath Chand could not resist protesting the rulers. He was determined to end the Rana rule. He began to write articles against the Ranas in the Janata published from Patna in India, under the pseudonym of Sewasingh.

Dasharath Chand met Tanka Prasad Acharya and Dharma Bhakta Mathema who were active in starting a political revolution in Nepal. A Political party called the Nepal Praja Parishad was organized in the presidency of Tanka Prasad Acharya in Nepal with the active participation of Dasharath Chand. It became active and started distributing pamphlets explaining the arbitrary Rana rule. For about 4 months, the government did not know who was doing it. At last, a reward of Rs. 5000 was announced for the revelation of the secret. The reward tempted Ramji Joshi, a member of Praja Parishad and he disclosed the secret. So arresting the leaders was begun. Gangalal Shrestha and Dasharath Chand were arrested. In prison, they were given severe torture and pain. They were asked to beg pardon but they did not do so. At last, in 1941, on January 28, Dasharath Chand and Gangalal were shot dead at Shobha Bhagawati.

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Gangalal Shrestha

Ganga Lal Shrestha (1919 – 28 January 1941) was a Nepalese revolutionary who was executed by the autocratic Rana regime. He is honoured as one of the four martyrs of the Nepalese revolution. He was a member of the clandestine political organisation named Nepal Praja Parishad that started a movement in 1939 to remove the Rana oligarchy and establish democracy in Nepal.

Early Life

Ganga Lal was born to father Bhakta Lal and mother Mohani Kumari Shrestha in a well-to-do family. His father Bhakta Lal worked for the government and was stationed in Ramechhap where he was the chief of the Revenue Office. After returning to Kathmandu, he renounced his share of the ancestral property at Chhetrapati, and bought a house in Pyaphal next to Kathmandu Durbar Square. Ganga Lal lived in this house with his family and wife Hasana Devi (1918–2011).

Ganga Lal went to Kolkata with his uncle to study. Returning to Kathmandu, he enrolled in Durbar High School. He is believed to have been an intelligent student and secured first division in the Matriculation examination. After the examination, he was admitted to Trichandra College where he studied science.

Political Career

Ganga Lal was an excellent public speaker. He was an active member of organisations that sought to oust the Ranas and establish democracy in Nepal. He had been a member of Mahabir School, whose aim was to fill the students with patriotic feelings. He was arrested briefly in 1939 for giving a lecture  in Asan, Kathmandu. After he met Dashrath Chand, he became involved in Nepal Praja Parishad and its activities.

Martyrdom

The secret Nepal Praja Parishad was exposed by Ramji Joshi in return for a cash reward of Rs. 5,000. This led to the arrest of many of its members on 18 October 1940. On 19 January 1941, the Ranas sentenced Ganga Lal, Dashrath Chand, Dharma Bhakta Mathema and Shukra Raj Shastri (although he was not involved in Praja Parishad), to death. On 28 January 1941, Ganga Lal was taken to Shobha Bhagwati on the bank of the Bishnumati River where he was shot dead along with Chand by Nara Shumsher Rana. The other two, Mathema and Shastri, were hanged.

Ganga Lal was allowed one last meeting with his family the day before he was executed. They went to the jail and he was brought out from his cell with hands and feet shackled. The emotional reunion stirred his youngest brother Pushpa Lal Shrestha to dedicate himself to fight for democracy and equality. In 1949, he founded the Communist Party of Nepal which played a key role in removing the Ranas.

The Rana dynasty was eventually overthrown in February 1951, and democracy was established in Nepal. The Ranas ruled Nepal from 1846 until 1951. During this time, the Shah king was reduced to a figurehead and the prime minister and other government positions were hereditary. Jang Bahadur Rana established the Rana dynasty in 1846 by masterminding the Kot massacre in which about 40 members of the nobility including the prime minister and a relative of the king were murdered. Tyranny, debauchery, economic exploitation and religious persecution characterised Rana rule. This 104-years of Rana regime has been called as one of the darkest periods of Nepalese history.

Legacy

Ganga Lal is remembered as one of the four martyrs of the revolution that brought down the Rana regime. Every year on 30 January (16 Magh), Nepal celebrates Martyrs' Day to honour them.

In 1965, Nepal's Postal Services Department issued a commemorative postage stamp featuring the portraits of the four martyrs. Ganga Path, a road in central Kathmandu, has been named after him. Shahid Gangalal National Heart Center is a specialist hospital in Kathmandu. Ganga Lal's statue is installed on Shahid Gate, a monument to the martyrs of Nepal.

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